Effects of Green Tea Application Time on Bond Strength after Enamel Bleaching

This study evaluated the effect of green tea application time on the bond strength of enamel after enamel bleaching. Enamel samples were obtained from 80 third molars and randomly divided into 7 experimental groups (G1-G7) and 1 group without treatment (G8): G1, bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP); G2, CP + 10% sodium ascorbate gel (SA) for 15 min; G3, CP + SA for 30 min; G4, CP + SA for 60 min; G5, CP + 10% green tea gel (GT) for 15 min; G6, CP + GT for 30 min; G7, CP + GT for 60 min. The CP was applied onto the enamel surface for 8 h for 14 days. The SA was applied in groups 2, 3 and 4, and the GT was applied in groups 5-8 according to the above described application times. Immediately after treatment, the specimens were bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 and Filtek Z350XT. The specimens were prepared to microtensile bond strength analysis. Fracture mode analysis was performed using a stereoscopic loupe. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance, the Tukey's and Dunnett's tests (=5%). The means (standard deviation) were: G1, 23.3 (3.2); G2, 25.2 (3.9); G3, 26.4 (5.4); G4, 30.2 (4.5); G5, 26.6 (3.4); G6, 22.0 (5.4); G7, 31.4 (3.3); G8, 31.4 (3.2). All groups had a high percentage of adhesive failures. In conclusion, the bond strength values were higher than the value in the bleached group only when the antioxidants were applied for 60 min.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito do tempo de aplicação do chá verde na resistência de união do esmalte após o clareamento. Amostras de esmalte foram obtidas a partir de 70 terceiros molares e aleatoriamente divididas em 7 grupos experimentais (G1-G7) e um grupo sem tratamento (G8). Os 7 grupos experimentais foram tratados como segue: G1, clareado com peróxido de carbamida a 10% (PC); G2, PC + gel de ascorbato de sódio a 10% (AS) por 15 min; G3, PC + AS por 30 min; G4, PC + AS por 60 min; G5, PC + gel de chá verde a 10% (CV) por 15 min; G6, PC + CV por 30 min; G7, PC + CV por 60 min. O PC foi aplicado na superfície do esmalte por 8 h, durante 14 dias. O AS foi aplicado nos grupos 2, 3 e 4 e o CV foi aplicado nos grupos 5, 6 e 7 de acordo com os tempos de aplicação descritos acima. Imediatamente após o tratamento, foi realizado o procedimento adesivo utilizando Adper Single Bond 2 e Filtek Z350XT. Em seguida, as amostras foram preparadas para o teste de microtração. A análise do padrão de fratura foi realizada em lupa estereoscópica. Os dados foram analisados através de ANOVA (2 fatores), testes de Tukey e Dunnett (α=5%). As médias (desvio padrão) foram: G1: 23,29 (3,20); G2: 25,18 (3,95); G3: 26,41 (5,40); G4: 30,17 (4,46); G5: 26,63 (3,43); G6: 22,02 (5,41); G7: 31,40 (3,35); G8: 31,4 (3,2). Todos os grupos apresentaram maior porcentagem de falhas adesivas. Em conclusão, os valores de resistência de união foram maiores que os dos grupos clareados somente quando os antioxidantes foram aplicados por 60 min.

Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Viral and Alcoholic Liver Disease / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Increased intestinal permeability has been possible contributing factors to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Moreover, it can contribute to the development of bacterial infection and intestinal endotoxemia in patients with liver cirrhosis. This study aimed to examine the difference of intestinal barrier dysfunction between alcoholic and viral liver disease patients through the comparison of the intestinal permeabilities of patients with clinical characteristics. METHODS: Intestinal permeabilities were measured in 18 healthy controls, 41 patients with alcoholic liver disease (17 cases of alcoholic liver disease without cirrhosis and 24 cases of alcoholic liver cirrhosis) and 46 patients with viral liver disease (14 cases of chronic viral hepatitis and 32 cases of viral liver cirrhosis) by measuring 24 hour urine excretion of 51Cr-EDTA. RESULTS: The intestinal permeability was significantly increased in the patients with alcoholic liver disease without cirrhosis (5.62 +/- 2.80%), alcoholic liver cirrhosis (5.29 +/- 2.48%) and viral liver cirrhosis (3.15 +/- 1.39%) compared with that in control subjects (1.99 +/- 0.53%). On the contrary, it was not increased in the patients with chronic viral hepatitis (2.05 +/- 0.57%) versus controls. The significant correlation was not found between intestinal permeability and clinical and laboratory findings. CONCLUSIONS: The intestinal permeability was elevated in patients with alcoholic liver disease compared to those with viral liver cirrhosis. The pathophysiology of liver injury secondary to intestinal epithelial damage may be different between alcoholic and viral liver diseases.

Glutatión sanguíneo en el paciente alcohólico con hepatopatía / Blood glutathione in the alcoholic patient with hepatopathy

Dada la gran importancia del glutatión como indicador de la reserva antioxidante tisular y en vista de la existencia de datos contradictorios en la literatura internacional, se decidió cuantificar la concentración del glutatión oxidado y del reducido en muestra de sangre de 18 individuos no bebedores y de 52 enfermos alcohólicos. El diagnóstico de los enfermos se hizo por medio de la clínica y estudios de laboratorio, lo que permitió agruparlos en tres grados crecientes de severidad de acuerdo al índice de Orrego. Se observó que existe un abatimiento de los niveles de glutatión total en sangre que es mayor conforme más severo es el daño hepático. El glutatión reducido en sangre, que es la fracción útil como antioxidante, muestra una disminución paralela al glutatión total; mientras que se observa un aumento en la fracción oxidada del glutatión sanguíneo, que guarda relación con la severidad del daño hepático. Se concluye que la determinación del glutatión total, así como sus fracciones reducida y oxidada, puede servir para conocer la reserva antioxidante en la sangre y probablemente en el organismo y con ello contribuye a evaluar las posibilidades de recuperación de los pacientes alcohólicos

Enfermedad alcohólica del hígado (EHA)

Alcohol consumption with all its severe organic complications has become one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in United States. In the metropolitan areas, alcohol consumption is the third cause of death between people aged 30 to 64. Latest estimates have shown that 20 percent of the total cost of health care is related to alcohol. Liver disease secondary to alcohol has been studied extensively and all its clinico-pathological consequences described. Alcoholic hepatitis characterized by anorexia, jaundice, hepatomegaly, fever, mental changes, leukocytosis and neutrophilia has been described associated to elevated bilirubin, low albumin, high AST levels and prolonged prothrombin time; histologically the picture has the following microscopic findings: degenerative changes of liver cells such as "ballooning" mainly around the terminal hepatic veins, acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates and latest, pericellular fibrosis in the centrolobular area. Some patients develop sclerosing hyaline necrosis consistent in collapse of hepatocytes, alcoholic hyaline accumulation, neutrophilic inflammation and severe fibrosis leading to a functional obstruction of the hepatic veins, portal hypertension, ascitis and liver failure. A characteristic cytosqueletic abnormality is the Mallory Body that for many authorities constitutes the hallmark of alcoholic hepatitis. Recently the role of megamitochondrias in this entity has been unveiled showing that patients with increased number have better prognosis that the group with few megamitochondrias. Finally a significant role for cellular immunity, cytoquines, histocompatibility antigens and malnutrition has been found determinant in order to explain progression of disease after alcohol discontinuation, and prognosis after nutritional therapy.

Enfermedad hepática alcoholica: métodos de evaluación nutricional / Alcoholic liver disease: nutritional evaluation methods

La evaluación nutricional es un requisito en la terapéutica de los enfermos hepáticos. En el trabajo demonstramos una correlación positiva signficante entre peso real masa muscular magra (MMM) y área muscular del brazo (AMB) (P < 0,001) pero la MMM en pacientes con y sin ascitis demuestra diferencias significativas (P < 0,02); no así con el uso de AMB (p > 0,1). La albúmina sérica demuestra una depleción leve en 20% , en 12% es moderada, 4% severa y no depleción en 64%. La albúmina-transferrina se correlacionan significativamente (P < 0,001); no hay correlación entre albúmina-transferrina -AMB (percentiles), transferrina-AMB, transferrina-MMM y albúmina-MMM (P>0,05). El total de linfocitos en el 53,33% es normal, 9% depleción moderada y 37,67% depleción severa, el PPDs es mayor de 10mm en 60,96%, normal en 17,36% y no reactivo en 21,75%. La AMB, expresado en percentiles es un método real e ideal para la evaluación, ya que permite corregir los errores por ascitis